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## What the patent literature suggests for polyamine dispersants

The literature folder contains one on-point patent, EP 0893155A2 — "Polyamine salts and their use as dispersing agents for pigments or fillers" (plus EP0154678B2, which is a different isocyanate-based system, not a polyamine dispersant).

EP0893155A2 suggests dispersants made by salting (acid-salting) a polyamine with an acid, for use in paints, pastes, molding compounds, and coating solids:

• Amine: a polyamine with at least three amino groups — aliphatic linear (Diethylentriamin/TETA, Triethylentetramin, Tetraethylenpentamin, Pentaethylenhexamin, Hexaethylenheptamin, higher NH2-(C2H4NH)n-C2H4-NH2 with n>5), branched (C2-C4) alkyleneimines, or modified polyamines (isocyanate, epoxy, Michael, alkylated/quaternized adducts) that still retain three salinizable amino groups. [EP0893155A2, p1]
• Acid: phosphoric acid esters (HO)3-nPO(OR1)n (n=1 or 2), sulfonic acids HOSO2R2, or acidic sulfuric acid esters HOSO3R2; R1/R2 alkyl/aryl/aralkyl with ≥5 C and/or oxalkylated alcohol (MW 100–5000 g/mol). [EP0893155A2, p4]
• Degree of salinization (acid eq/amine eq): 0.02–1, particularly 0.1–1, very particularly 0.5–1. [EP0893155A2, p2]
• Use/amount: 0.5–100% by weight on the solid; carbon black needs markedly more than TiO2. Purpose: stabilize particles, reduce viscosity, improve flow. [EP0893155A2, p4]
• Comparative examples 29–34 (mono-/diamine salts, "closest prior art") are contrasted to show the polyamine (≥3 amino groups) salts perform better. [EP0893155A2, p8]

Note: this is patent/reference literature — guidance, not FOIL's measured 9076 data.